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Berufliche Chrom (VI)-Exposition und Lungenkrebsrisiko
Wissenschaftlicher Sachstand, neue epidemiologische Befunde, Verdopplungsrisiko und Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung

A precise dose-response-relationship between chromium (VI) exposure and the development of lung cancer could not be demonstrated so far, neither for exposures in the chromate industry nor for exposures to welding fumes. There are large statistical uncertainties due to small numbers of cases, lack of or insufficient control for smoking and co-exposures. Because of the strong correlation between exposures to Cr(VI) and Cr(III), effects of the two chromium species in chromate workers cannot be differentiated. The same is true for chromium and nickel in welding fumes. A comparatively small but significant increase in the lung cancer risk has been observed after welding-fume exposure. Application of results from the chromate industry to welders must be viewed critically because of the different effects and bioavailability of the various chromium compounds.
Because of the shortcomings of the epidemiological data, the derivation of a scientifically based estimate of the dose causing a doubling of the lung cancer risk is associated with considerable uncertainty. Thus, a socio- political consensus would be needed to establish an dose level for use in a simplified procedure for the recognition of occupational diseases. According to our evaluation of the literature, such a dose could be in the range of 2000 μg Cr(VI)/m³-years, as proposed by Norpoth and Popp.
Future scientific evaluation of chromium effects should address the solubility and biopersistence of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) compounds in more detail. Particulate-matter effects have to be taken into account for studies in welders, together with co-exposure to nickel.