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Expositionsstudie zur arbeitsmedizinischen Bedeutung Ammoniak-assoziierter gesundheitlicher Effekte

Aims: The aim of this study was to examine possible health effects of inhalation exposure to ammonia (NH3). Effect parameters were sensory irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract, perceived subjective symptoms and changes in well-being. Materials and methods: We examined 43 healthy male volunteers, aged 21 to 47. Ten participants were regularly exposed to ammonia at work. The men were exposed to ammonia vapour on five consecutive days (4 h/day) in an exposure chamber. The ammonia concentrations in the air were 0, 10, 20 and 50 ppm. Additionally, on the fourth day the subjects were exposed twice to 40 ppm for 30 minutes. The investigations included a physical examination before and immediately after each exposure, assessment of the ocular surface area by use of a slit-lamp, the determination of tear evaporation with standard filter papers, airway function testing with active anterior rhinomanometry, spirometry, body plethysmography (airway resistance) and bronchial provocation with acetylcholine. As indicators of nasal mucosal inflammation, the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, 6 and 8 were analysed in the nasal lavage fluid. At the end of each day, the individual’s concentration and attention, as well as reaction time was determined. During the exposure we used the German version of the Swedish Performance Evaluation System (SPES) questionnaire to repeatedly assess acute symptoms. Furthermore, the subjects provided subjective ratings of their current state of “annoyance”, “stress”, “tiredness” and “complaints”. Results: Conjunctival hyperaemia occurred in 3 participants (9 %) at the highest exposure level of 50 ppm ammonia. For lacrimation, the concentration of interleukin (IL)-1, 6 and 8, nasal resistance, and pulmonary function (spirometric indices, airway resistance, bronchial responsiveness to inhalation of acetylcholine) no significant changes or trends were found, neither during the day’s exposure nor the course of the week. The bronchial responsiveness of the six participants with non-specific bronchial hyperreactivity did not increase. There were no effects on cognitive functions such as the power of concentration, attention or reaction time. The perceived intensity of symptoms and annoyance increased with the concentration of ammonia, while well-being decreased. However, the ratings for the symptoms were regarded as relatively low. During the daily exposures the score for the symptoms did not vary significantly. Subjects unfamiliar with ammonia consistently reported more symptoms than did workers usually exposed to the substance at work. Conclusions: Exposure to ammonia vapour in concentrations of 50 ppm caused irritation of the eye in 9 % of the volunteers. The perceived symptoms increased with the ammonia concentration, while well-being decreased. Workers occupationally exposed to ammonia reported fewer symptoms than did previously unexposed subjects. There were no effects on neuropsychological functions such as the power of concentration, attention and reaction time.